{"id":194450,"date":"2023-12-04T13:26:54","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T12:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.fundacioncarf.org\/?p=194450"},"modified":"2024-05-10T11:25:05","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T09:25:05","slug":"un-libro-sobre-el-obispo-espanol-que-no-tomo-posesion-de-su-cargo-por-causas-politicas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/un-libro-sobre-el-obispo-espanol-que-no-tomo-posesion-de-su-cargo-por-causas-politicas\/","title":{"rendered":"Bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vicente Escriv\u00e1 Salvador<\/strong>, L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 ng\u00e0nh Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u0169 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111ang b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh. Bernardino Nozaleda<\/strong>, v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Manila d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Valencia. \u00ab"Phe C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 phe t\u1ef1 do th\u1eafp \u0111u\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u00f4 vang 'C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho Maura! C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho Nozaleda!', kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Valencia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u0169 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 g\u1eady m\u1ee5c t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng."\u00bb<\/em>, Vicente Escriv\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111ang b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i<\/strong><\/a>. Bernardino Nozaleda, T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Valencia. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u00e2y Ban Nha.<\/strong><\/em> (EUNSA).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quy\u00ean g\u00f3p cho Qu\u1ef9 CARF. <\/strong>T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9, Luis Alberto Rosales, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 11 t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian CaixaBank All in One \u1edf Plaza de Col\u00f3n, Madrid., v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh, Bernardito Auza v\u00e0 Cleopas.<\/strong>, L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philippines, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Manila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa n\u0103m 1998<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 Nozaleda. "\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch mang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 'Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n' (1903-1904) c\u1ee7a Antonio Maura b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u phe ph\u00e1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u1ea3 trong \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do (Segismundo Moret, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Romanones, Jos\u00e9 Canalejas\u2026) v\u00e0 trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia (Miguel Morayta, Lerroux) hay Valencia (Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Rodrigo Soriano).\u00abch\u00ea bai <\/em>"S\u1ef1 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Maura b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nozaleda," Vicente Escriv\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u0103m 1998 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi quan v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Phe C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o quy\u1ec1n Jacobin, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u00edt tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"evento
s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c Mitre<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Manila<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00abTh\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u0103m 1898 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1830 hay 1848), nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft hay ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong. Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm v\u1eadt t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n cho th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb phe ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129. V\u00e0 Bernardino Nozaleda l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Manila, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o,\u00bb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Valencia, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha: m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00ec l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/strong> \u00abQu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn m\u0169 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t khi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta d\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Valencia. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n vung s\u00fang trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Nozaleda \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Valencia, m\u00e1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o,\u00bb Vicente Escriv\u00e1 ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Valencia, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Philippines c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean. s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n Masonic.<\/a>, V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ng\u1eafn nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab"H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o quy\u1ec1n \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ef1 do, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m Nghi th\u1ee9c Anh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tinh hoa t\u1ef1 do," t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Nozaleda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Nozaleda \u0111\u00e3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n chi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf Philippines. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Philippines \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n do H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0Katipunan\u00a0<\/em>(H\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt do Andr\u00e9s Bonifacio th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp) nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m phi Kit\u00f4 h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Philippines. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1edd r\u01a1i in v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng k\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ee5c t\u0129u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m T\u00e2y Ban Nha kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tha th\u1ee9 cho \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Valentina danh gi\u00e1, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thanh to\u00e1n n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n, bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Philippines.<\/strong> C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Eric Hobsbawm \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i:\u00abL\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/em>\u00bb", Vicente Escriv\u00e1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eddi b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi vu kh\u1ed1ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh (v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng ki\u1ec7n), Nozaleda v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103n d\u1eaft t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Valencia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Nozaleda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1905, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1nh Pi\u00f4 X \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Petra. V\u1ecb tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i Tu vi\u1ec7n Th\u00e1nh Thomas \u1edf \u00c1vila v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Tu vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 M\u00e2n C\u00f4i \u1edf Madrid, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Petra. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 cho T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Valencia trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p 1922-1923.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Valencia<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Escriv\u00e1 c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Valencia nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 B\u1ecb B\u1ecf R\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau, ch\u00ednh B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Romanones \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: "N\u0103m th\u00e1ng tr\u00f4i qua, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y Nozaleda d\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng v\u1eafng v\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Retiro; khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 vest len tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, t\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ec7 b\u1ea1c.".\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Alfonso XIII<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1927, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 82, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111eo chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn do Alfonso XIII t\u1eb7ng khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Valencia. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng linh c\u1eefu \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Philippines, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Valeriano Weyler, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9. B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh \u0111eo b\u00e1m \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u1ea5m m\u1ed3. \u00d4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y k\u00ednh y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, H\u1ed3ng y Ceferino Gonz\u00e1lez, t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n Oca\u00f1a. Khi N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xe v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Antonio Ca\u00f1izares<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c danh d\u1ef1 Valencia, Don Antonio Ca\u00f1izares, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: "Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh Bernardino Nozaleda Villa (San Andr\u00e9s de Cue\u00f1a, 1844 - Madrid, 1927), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.". <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chia th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Manila, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo XIII \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Manila v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1889. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 bao v\u00e2y Manila. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng xin t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n xin t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1902. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Valencia, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t Philippines \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Petra. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng y Toledo, Ch\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u1edbc Ciriaco Mar\u00eda Sancha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Valencia, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Marta Sant\u00edn<\/strong>nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 tin t\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vicente Escriv\u00e1 Salvador, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i), \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn m\u0169 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":194452,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[141,140,142,139,138],"class_list":["post-194450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-historia","tag-libro","tag-religion","tag-una-mitra-humeante","tag-vicente-escriva-salvador"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/194450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=194450"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/194450\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/194452"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=194450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=194450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fundacioncarf.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=194450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}